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ASTM A159 - Standard Specification for Automotive Gray Iron
Castings
This specification applies to gray
iron castings, cast in sand molds, used in the products of
the automobile, truck, tractor, and allied industries.
The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the
standard.
Table 1
Grades of gray iron
|
Grade |
Casting hardness range |
Description |
|
G1800 |
HB 187 max
4.4 BID min or as agreed |
ferritic-pearlitic |
|
G2500 |
HB 170-229
4.6-4.0 BID or as agreed |
pearlitic-ferritic |
|
G3000 |
HB 187-241
4.4-3.9 BID or as agreed |
pearlitic |
|
G3500 |
HB 207-255
4.2-3.8 BID or as agreed |
pearlitic |
|
G4000 |
HB 217-269
4.1-3.7 BID or as agreed |
pearlitic |
Table 1.1 Typical
chemical compositions of gray cast iron, %
|
Grade |
Carbon |
Silicon |
Manganese |
Sulfur, max |
Phosphorus,
max |
Approximate
carbon equivalent |
|
G1800 |
3.40-3.70 |
2.30-2.80 |
0.50-0.80 |
0.15 |
0.25 |
4.25-4.5 |
|
G2500 |
3.20-3.50 |
2.00-2.40 |
0.60-0.90 |
0.15 |
0.20 |
4.0-4.25 |
|
G3000 |
3.10-3.40 |
1.90-2.30 |
0.60-0.90 |
0.15 |
0.15 |
3.9-4.15 |
|
G3500 |
3.00-3.30 |
1.80-2.20 |
0.60-0.90 |
0.15 |
0.12 |
3.7-3.9 |
|
G4000 |
3.00-3.30 |
1.80-2.10 |
0.70-1.00 |
0.15 |
0.10 |
3.7-3.9 |
Table 1.2 Mechanical
properties for design purposes
|
Grade |
Hardness
range |
Tensile
strength, min psi(kgf/mm) |
Transverse,
strength,
min, lb(kg) |
Deflection,
min, in, (mm) |
|
G1800 |
HB 143-187
5.0-4.4 BID |
18 000(14) |
1720(780) |
0.14(3.6) |
|
G2500 |
HB 170-229
4.6-4.0 BID |
25 000(17.5) |
2000(910) |
0.17(4.3) |
|
G3000 |
HB 187-241
4.4-3.9 BID |
30 000(21) |
2200(1000) |
0.20(5.1) |
|
G3500 |
HB 207-255
4.2-3.8 BID |
35 000(24.5) |
2450(1090) |
0.24(6.1) |
|
G4000 |
HB 217-269
4.1-3.7 BID |
40 000(28) |
2600(1180) |
0.27(6.9) |
1.3 Application of
gray iron in automotive castings (see Table 1.5)
1.4
The graphite flakes in gray iron give this metal many desirable
properties. These include excellent machine ability, high thermal
conductivity, vibration dampening properties, and resistance to wear
or scuffing. Due to its low freezing temperature for a ferrous
alloy, high fluidity, and low shrinkage properties it is more
readily cast in complex shapes than other ferrous metals.
Table 1.5 Typical
applications of gray iron for automotive castings
|
Grade |
General data |
|
G1800 |
Miscellaneous soft iron castings (as cast or annealed) in
which strength is not of primary consideration. Exhaust
manifolds may be made of this grade of iron, alloyed or
unalloyed. These may be annealed castings for exhaust
manifolds in order to avoid growth and cracking due to heat. |
|
G2500 |
Small
cylinder blocks, cylinder heads, air cooled cylinders,
pistons, clutch plates, oil pump bodies, transmission cases,
gear boxes, clutch housings, and light-duty brake drums. |
|
G3000 |
Automobile
and diesel cylinder blocks, cylinder heads, flywheels,
differential carries castings, pistons, medium-duty brake
drums, and clutch plates. |
|
G3500 |
Diesel
engine blocks, truck and tractor cylinder blocks and heads,
heavy flywheels, tractor transmission cases, and heavy gear
boxes. |
|
G4000 |
Diesel
engine castings, liners, cylinders, and pistons. |
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